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Racket (programming language)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Racket</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">DrRacket on <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic</a>, <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">meta</a>, <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a>, <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">PLT Inc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">PLT Inc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">January 28, 1995 (1995-01-28)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">8.17<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-cbcb0411e1e9303dfadf06d99938f6fb9ea6bba9-v20-1">[1]</a>

/ 17 May 2025 (17 May 2025)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic</a>, <a href="Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a> or <a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache 2.0</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.rkt<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://racket-lang.org/">racket-lang.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Major <a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.racket-lang.org/reference/implementations.html">Racket</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.racket-lang.org/racketscript/index.html">RacketScript</a> Racket to JavaScript (ES6) compiler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/pycket/pycket">Pycket</a> a Racket implementation using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypi.org/project/rpython/">RPython</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"><a href="Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Typed Racket, FrTime, Lazy Racket, Scribble</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-typed-clojure-thesis-5">[5]</a> <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme (R6RS)</a><a href="#cite_note-r6rs-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Racket is a <a href="General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a>, <a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>. The Racket language is a modern dialect of <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> and a descendant of <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>. It is designed as a platform for <a href="Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">programming language design</a> and implementation.<a href="#cite_note-manifesto-9">[9]</a> In addition to the core Racket language, Racket is also used to refer to the family of programming languages<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and set of tools supporting development on and with Racket.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Racket is also used for <a href="Script_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Script (computing)">scripting</a>, <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> education, and research.

The Racket platform provides an implementation of the Racket language (including a <a href="Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mred-12">[12]</a> libraries, and <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> supporting several compilation modes: machine code, machine-independent, interpreted, and JIT) along with the DrRacket <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) written in Racket.<a href="#cite_note-drscheme-13">[13]</a> Racket is used by the <a href="ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a> outreach program, which aims to turn <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> into "an indispensable part of the <a href="Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> <a href="Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>".<a href="#cite_note-teachscheme-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

The core Racket language is known for its extensive <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> system which enables creating embedded and <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific languages</a>, language constructs such as <a href="Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> or <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modules</a>, and separate dialects of Racket with different <a href="Semantics_of_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantics of programming languages">semantics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scheme-with-classes-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-units-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-languages-as-libraries-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

The platform distribution is <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> distributed under the <a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache 2.0</a> and <a href="MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT licenses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-racket-lgpl-license-20">[20]</a> Extensions and packages written by the community may be uploaded to Racket's <a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">package catalog</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div>

<a href="Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a> founded PLT Inc. in the mid 1990s, first as a research group, soon after as a project dedicated to producing <a href="Pedagogic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogic">pedagogic</a> materials for novice programmers (lectures, exercises/projects, software). In January 1995, the group decided to develop a pedagogic programming environment based on <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>. <a href="Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a> cobbled together MrEd, the original <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> for Racket, from libscheme,<a href="#cite_note-libscheme-21">[21]</a> <a href="WxWidgets" title="WxWidgets">wxWidgets</a>, and a few other free systems.<a href="#cite_note-gui-rebuild-22">[22]</a> In the years that followed, a team including Flatt, <a href="Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robby Findler</a>, <a href="Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a>, Cormac Flanagan, and many others produced DrScheme, a programming environment for novice Scheme programmers and a research environment for <a href="Type_system#Combining_static_and_dynamic_type_checking" title="Type system">gradual typing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drscheme-13">[13]</a> The main development language that DrScheme supported was named PLT Scheme.

In parallel, the team began conducting workshops for high school teachers, training them in program design and functional programming. Field tests with these teachers and their students provided essential clues for directing the development.

Over the following years, PLT added teaching languages, an algebraic stepper,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> a transparent <a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a>, a constructor-based printer, and many other innovations to DrScheme, producing an application-quality pedagogic program development environment. By 2001, the core team (Felleisen, Findler, Flatt, Krishnamurthi) had also written and published their first textbook, <a href="How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a>, based on their teaching philosophy.

The Racket Manifesto<a href="#cite_note-manifesto-9">[9]</a> details the principles driving the development of Racket, presents the evaluation framework behind the design process, and details opportunities for future improvements.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_history">Version history</h3></div>

The first generation of PLT Scheme revisions introduced features for <a href="Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small#Programming_in_the_large" title="Programming in the large and programming in the small">programming in the large</a> with both <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modules</a> and <a href="Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a>. Version 42 introduced units – a first-class module system – to complement classes for large scale development.<a href="#cite_note-release-notes-24">[24]</a> The class system gained features (e.g. <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>-style <a href="Protocol_(object-oriented_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (object-oriented programming)">interfaces</a>) and also lost several features (e.g. <a href="Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a>) throughout these versions.<a href="#cite_note-scheme-with-classes-16">[16]</a> The language evolved throughout a number of successive versions, and gaining milestone popularity in Version 53, leading to extensive work and the following Version 100, which would be equivalent to a "1.0" release in current popular version systems.

The next major revision was named Version 200, which introduced a new default module system that cooperates with macros.<a href="#cite_note-release-notes-24">[24]</a> In particular, the module system ensures that run-time and <a href="Compile-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Compile-time">compile-time</a> computation are separated to support a "tower of languages".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Unlike units, these modules are not <a href="First-class_object" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class object">first-class objects</a>.

Version 300 introduced <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support, <a href="Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">foreign library</a> support, and refinements to the class system.<a href="#cite_note-release-notes-24">[24]</a> Later on, the 300 series improved the <a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a> of the language runtime with an addition of a JIT compiler and a switch to a default <a href="Generational_garbage_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Generational garbage collection">generational garbage collection</a>.

By the next major release, the project had switched to a more conventional <a href="Software_versioning#Sequence-based_identifiers" title="Software versioning">sequence-based</a> version numbering. Version 4.0 introduced the <code>#lang</code> shorthand to specify the language that a module is written in. Further, the revision introduced <a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutable</a> pairs and lists, support for fine-grained <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallelism</a>, and a <a href="Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">statically-typed</a> dialect.<a href="#cite_note-4.0-26">[26]</a>

On 7 June 2010, PLT Scheme was renamed Racket.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The renaming coincided with the release of Version 5.0. Subsequently, the <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) backend was rewritten in Racket from <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> in Version 5.1 using native <a href="Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">UI toolkits</a> on all platforms.<a href="#cite_note-gui-rebuild-22">[22]</a> Version 5.2 included a background <a href="Static_code_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Static code analysis">syntax checking</a> tool, a new plotting library, a database library, and a new extended REPL.<a href="#cite_note-5.2-28">[28]</a> Version 5.3 included a new submodule feature for optionally loaded modules,<a href="#cite_note-submodules-29">[29]</a> new <a href="Program_optimization" title="Program optimization">optimization</a> tools, a <a href="JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> library, and other features.<a href="#cite_note-5.3-30">[30]</a> Version 5.3.1 introduced major improvements to DrRacket: the background syntax checker was turned on by default and a new documentation preview tool was added.<a href="#cite_note-5.3.1-31">[31]</a>

In version 6.0, Racket released its second-generation package management system. As part of this development, the principal DrRacket and Racket repository was reorganized and split into a large set of small packages, making it possible to install a minimal racket and to install only those packages needed.<a href="#cite_note-6.0-32">[32]</a>

Version 7 of Racket was released with a new macro expander written in Racket as part the preparations for supporting moving to the <a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a> runtime system and supporting multiple runtime systems.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On 19 November 2019, Racket 7.5 was released. The license of Racket 7.5 was less restrictive. They use now either the Apache 2.0 license or the MIT license.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

On 2021 February 13, Racket 8.0 was released. Racket 8.0 marks the first release where Racket with the <a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a> runtime system, known as Racket CS, is the default implementation. Racket CS is faster, easier to maintain and develop, backward-compatible with existing Racket programs, and has better parallel garbage collection.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Racket_features" title="Racket features">Racket features</a></div>

Racket's core language includes <a href="Macro_(computer_science)#Syntactic_macros" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>, <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modules</a>, <a href="Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">lexical closures</a>, <a href="Tail_call" title="Tail call">tail calls</a>, <a href="Delimited_continuation" title="Delimited continuation">delimited continuations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-icfp2007-38">[38]</a> parameters (fluid variables), <a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">software contracts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="Green_threads" class="mw-redirect" title="Green threads">green threads</a> and <a href="Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">OS threads</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and more. The language also comes with primitives, such as eventspaces and custodians, which control resource management and enables the language to act like an <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for loading and managing other programs.<a href="#cite_note-mred-12">[12]</a> Further extensions to the language are created with the powerful macro system, which together with the module system and custom parsers can control all aspects of a language.<a href="#cite_note-creating-languages-43">[43]</a> Most language constructs in Racket are implemented as macros in the base language. These include a <a href="Mixin" title="Mixin">mixin</a> class system,<a href="#cite_note-scheme-with-classes-16">[16]</a> a component (or module) system as expressive as opaque ascription in the <a href="Standard_ML#Module_system" title="Standard ML">ML module system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-units-17">[17]</a> and <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a>.

Further, the language features the first contract system for a <a href="Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">higher-order programming</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

Racket's contract system is inspired by the <a href="Design_by_Contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Design by Contract">Design by Contract</a> work for <a href="Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> and extends it to work for higher-order values such as <a href="First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class functions</a>, objects, <a href="Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">reference</a> cells, and so on. For example, an object that is checked by a contract can be ensured to make contract checks when its methods are eventually invoked.

Racket includes both <a href="Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> and <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a> (JIT) compilers. The bytecode compiler produces an internal bytecode format run by the Racket <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>, and the JIT compiler translates bytecode to machine code at runtime.

Since 2004, the language has also shipped with PLaneT, a package manager that is integrated into the module system so that <a href="Third-party_software_component" title="Third-party software component">third-party libraries</a> can be transparently imported and used. Also, PLaneT has a built-in <a href="Software_versioning" title="Software versioning">versioning</a> policy to prevent <a href="Dependency_hell" title="Dependency hell">dependency hell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-planet-45">[45]</a>

At the end of 2014, much of Racket's code was moved into a new packaging system separate from the main code base. This new packaging system is serviced by a client program named raco. The new package system provides fewer features than PLaneT; a blog post by Jay McCarthy on the Racket blog explains the rationale for the change and how to duplicate the older system.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_language_extensibility_and_macros">Integrated language extensibility and macros</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Racket_features#Language_Extensions" title="Racket features">Racket language extensions</a></div>

The features that most clearly distinguish Racket from other languages in the Lisp family are its integrated language <a href="Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">extensibility</a> features that support building new <a href="Domain-specific_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain-specific languages">domain-specific</a> and <a href="General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a> languages. Racket's extensibility features are built into the module system to allow context-sensitive and module-level control over syntax.<a href="#cite_note-languages-as-libraries-18">[18]</a> For example, the <code>#%app</code> syntactic form can be overridden to change the semantics of <a href="Function_application" title="Function application">function application</a>. Similarly, the <code>#%module-begin</code> form allows arbitrary static analysis of the entire module.<a href="#cite_note-languages-as-libraries-18">[18]</a> Since any module can be used as a language, via the <code>#lang</code> notation, this effectively means that virtually any aspect of the language can be programmed and controlled.

The module-level extensibility features are combined with a <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>-like hygienic macro system, which provides more features than <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp's</a> s-expression manipulation system,<a href="#cite_note-you-want-it-when-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Scheme 84's <a href="Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">hygienic</a> extend-syntax macros, or <a href="R5RS" class="mw-redirect" title="R5RS">R5RS</a>'s <a href="Syntax-rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax-rules">syntax-rules</a>. Indeed, it is fair to say that the macro system is a carefully tuned <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API) for <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> extensions. Using this compiler API, programmers can add features and entire <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific languages</a> in a manner that makes them completely indistinguishable from built-in language constructs.

The macro system in Racket has been used to construct entire language <a href="Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialects</a>. This includes Typed Racket, which is a gradually typed dialect of Racket that eases the migration from <a href="Dynamically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamically typed">untyped</a> to typed code,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Lazy Racket—a dialect with <a href="Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and Hackett, which combines Haskell and Racket.<a href="#cite_note-Alexis_Kings_Blog-51">[51]</a> The pedagogical programming language Pyret was originally implemented in Racket.<a href="#cite_note-The_Pyret_Crew_2011-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Index_of_/_2017-53">[53]</a>

Other dialects include FrTime (<a href="Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">functional reactive programming</a>), Scribble (documentation language),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Slideshow (<a href="Slide_show" title="Slide show">presentation</a> language),<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and several languages for education.<a href="#cite_note-functional-io-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

Racket's core distribution provides libraries to aid the development of programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-languages-as-libraries-18">[18]</a> Such languages are not restricted to <a href="S-expression" title="S-expression">s-expression</a> based syntax. In addition to conventional readtable-based syntax extensions, the directive <code>#lang</code> enables the invocation of arbitrary parsers, which can be implemented using the parser tools library.<a href="#cite_note-parsers-58">[58]</a> See <a href="Racket_features#Logic_programming" title="Racket features">Racket logic programming</a> for an example of such a language.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_environment">Programming environment</h2></div>

The language platform provides a <a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosted</a> <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a><a href="#cite_note-drscheme-13">[13]</a> named DrRacket, a continuation-based <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>,<a href="#cite_note-web-server-59">[59]</a> a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gui-rebuild-22">[22]</a> and other tools. As a viable scripting tool with libraries like common <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a>, it can be used for scripting the Unix shell. It can parse <a href="Command-line_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line argument">command-line arguments</a> and execute external tools.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DrRacket_IDE">DrRacket IDE</h3></div>

DrRacket (formerly DrScheme) is widely used among introductory computer science courses that teach Scheme or Racket and is lauded for its simplicity and appeal to beginner programmers. The IDE was originally built for use with the TeachScheme! project (now <a href="ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a>), an outreach effort by <a href="Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a> and a number of affiliated universities for attracting high school students to computer science courses at the college level.

The editor provides <a href="Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">highlighting</a> for syntax and run-time errors, parenthesis matching, a <a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> and an algebraic stepper. Its student-friendly features include support for multiple "language levels" (Beginning Student, Intermediate Student and so on). It also has integrated library support, and sophisticated <a href="Program_analysis" title="Program analysis">analysis</a> tools for advanced programmers. Further, <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">module-oriented programming</a> is supported with the module browser, a contour view, integrated <a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a> and <a href="Fault_coverage" title="Fault coverage">coverage</a> measurements, and <a href="Refactoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Refactoring">refactoring</a> support. It provides integrated, context-sensitive access to an extensive hyper-linked help system named "Help Desk".

DrRacket is available for <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, and <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> with the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> and programs behave similarly on all these platforms.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_examples">Code examples</h2></div>

Here is a trivial <a href="%22Hello%2C_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a>:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-racket mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#lang racket

"Hello, World!"

</pre></div>

Running this program produces the output:

<dl><dd><samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">"Hello, World!"</samp></dd></dl>

Here is a slightly less trivial program:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-racket mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#lang racket

(require 2htdp/image)

(let sierpinski ([n 8])

(triangle 2 'solid 'red)

(let ([t (sierpinski (- n 1))])

(freeze (above t (beside t t))))))

</pre></div>

This program, taken from the Racket website, draws a <a href="Sierpinski_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierpinski triangle">Sierpinski triangle</a>, nested to depth 8.

Using the <code>#lang</code> directive, a source file can be written in different dialects of Racket. Here is an example of the factorial program in Typed Racket, a <a href="Statically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically typed">statically typed</a> dialect of Racket:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-racket mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#lang typed/racket

(: fact (Integer -> Integer))

(define (fact n)

(if (zero? n) 1 (* n (fact (- n 1)))))

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

Racket currently has two implementations. Both support Linux, Windows and MacOS on a variety of architectures and are supported as at version 8.8 (2023). The default implementation uses the <a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a> incremental compiler and runtime. The alternate implementation generates platform-independent bytecode and uses <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time compilation</a> to generate machine code as it is loaded.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

In addition, there are experimental implementations:

<ul><li>RacketScript is an experimental Racket to JavaScript (ES6) compiler. It allows programmers to use both JavaScript’s and Racket’s ecosystem and aims to make this interoperability as smooth as possible.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li>

<li>Pycket is a Racket implementation generated using the RPython framework.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_practical_use">Applications and practical use</h2></div>

Apart from having a basis in <a href="Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">programming language theory</a>, Racket was designed as a general-purpose language for production systems. Thus, the Racket distribution features an extensive library that covers systems and network programming, web development,<a href="#cite_note-web-server-59">[59]</a> a uniform interface to the underlying operating system, a dynamic <a href="Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">foreign function interface</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ffi-63">[63]</a> several flavours of <a href="Regular_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular expressions">regular expressions</a>, lexer/parser generators,<a href="#cite_note-parsers-58">[58]</a> <a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>, and a complete <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> framework.

Racket has several features useful for a commercial language, among them an ability to compile standalone executables under Windows, macOS, and Unix, a <a href="Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">profiler</a> and <a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> included in the <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE), and a <a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit testing</a> framework.

Racket has been used for commercial projects and web applications. A notable example is the <a href="Hacker_News" title="Hacker News">Hacker News</a> website, which runs on <a href="Arc_(programming_language)" title="Arc (programming language)">Arc</a>, which is developed in Racket. <a href="Naughty_Dog" title="Naughty Dog">Naughty Dog</a> has used it as a scripting language in several video games.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

Racket is used to teach students algebra through game design in the <a href="Bootstrap_curriculum" title="Bootstrap curriculum">Bootstrap program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-5.3-30"><a href="#cite_ref-5.3_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.racket-lang.org/2012/08/racket-v53.html">"Racket 5.3"</a>. PLT, Inc. 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2012-08-07.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5.3.1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-5.3.1_31-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.racket-lang.org/2012/11/racket-v531.html">"Racket 5.3.1"</a>. PLT, Inc. 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2012-11-07.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6.0-32"><a href="#cite_ref-6.0_32-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.racket-lang.org/2014/02/racket-v60.html">"Racket 6.0"</a>. PLT, Inc. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2016-02-23.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.racket-lang.org/2018/01/racket-on-chez-status.html">"Racket-on-Chez Status: January 2018"</a>. 2018-01-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628163352/https://blog.racket-lang.org/2018/01/racket-on-chez-status.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-04-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.utah.edu/plt/publications/icfp19-rddkmstz.pdf">"building Racket on Chez Scheme (Experience Report)"</a> (PDF). 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-07-25.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFFlattYuFindlerFelleisen2007" class="citation conference cs1">Flatt, M.; Yu, G.; Findler, R. B.; Felleisen, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccs.neu.edu/scheme/pubs/icfp07-fyff.pdf">"Adding Delimited and Composable Control to a Production Programming Environment"</a> (PDF). International Conference on Functional Programming.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.racket-lang.org/reference/threads.html">"Threads"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-creating-languages-43"><a href="#cite_ref-creating-languages_43-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFlatt2012" class="citation news cs1">Flatt, Matthew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/1/144809-creating-languages-in-racket">"Creating Languages in Racket"</a>. Communications of the ACM. Retrieved 2012-04-08.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFindlerFelleisen2002" class="citation conference cs1">Findler, R. B.; Felleisen, M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eecs.northwestern.edu/~robby/pubs/papers/ho-contracts-icfp2002.pdf">"Contracts for Higher-Order Functions"</a> (PDF). International Conference on Functional Programming.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-planet-45"><a href="#cite_ref-planet_45-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMatthews2006" class="citation conference cs1">Matthews, J. (2006). "Component Deployment with PLaneT: You Want it Where?". Scheme and Functional Programming Workshop.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.racket-lang.org/2014/12/the-racket-package-system-and-planet.html">"The Racket package system and Planet"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-The_Pyret_Crew_2011-52"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Pyret_Crew_2011_52-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThe_Pyret_Crew2011" class="citation web cs1">The Pyret Crew (24 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pyret.org/pyret-code/index.html">"The Pyret Code; or A Rationale for the Pyret Programming Language"</a>. Pyret. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Index_of_/_2017-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Index_of_/_2017_53-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papl.cs.brown.edu/2017/">"Programming and Programming Languages"</a>. Index of /. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFlattBarzilayFindler2009" class="citation conference cs1">Flatt, M.; Barzilay, E.; Findler, R. B. (2009). "Scribble: Closing the Book on Ad Hoc Documentation Tools". International Conference on Functional Programming.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFelleisenFindlerFlattKrishnamurthi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Felleisen, M.; Findler, R. B.; Flatt, M.; Krishnamurthi, S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccs.neu.edu/scheme/pubs/fdpe2002-fffk.pdf">"The Structure and Interpretation of the Computer Science Curriculum"</a> (PDF). Journal of Functional Programming. 14 (4): 365–378. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956796804005076">10.1017/S0956796804005076</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-web-server-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web-server_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-web-server_59-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthi,_HopkinsMcCarthyGraunkePettyjohn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Krishnamurthi, Hopkins; McCarthy; Graunke; Pettyjohn; Felleisen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccs.neu.edu/racket/pubs/hosc07-sk-mf.pdf">"Implementation and Use of the PLT Scheme Web Server"</a> (PDF). Journal of Higher-Order and Symbolic Programming. 20 (4): 431–460. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10990-007-9008-y">10.1007/s10990-007-9008-y</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17731194">17731194</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.racket-lang.org/reference/implementations.html">Implementations</a>

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<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.racket-lang.org/racketscript/index.html">RacketScript</a>

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<li id="cite_note-ffi-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ffi_63-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarzilayOrlovsky2004" class="citation conference cs1">Barzilay, E.; Orlovsky, D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccs.neu.edu/racket/pubs/scheme04-bo.pdf">"Foreign Interface for PLT Scheme"</a> (PDF). Scheme and Functional Programming.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cufp.org/conference/sessions/2011/functional-mzscheme-dsls-game-development">"Functional mzScheme DSLs in Game Development"</a>. Retrieved 2012-05-08.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bootstrapworld.org/materials/fall2015/index.shtml">"Bootstrap"</a>. bootstrapworld.org. Retrieved 2015-08-11.</cite>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Felleisen et al., 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://realmofracket.com/">Realm of Racket</a>. No Starch Press.</li>

<li>Felleisen et al., 2003. <a href="How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a>. MIT Press.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://racket-lang.org">Official website</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Automatic storage management</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Conditionals</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macros</a></li>

<li><a href="M-expression" title="M-expression">M-expressions</a> (deprecated)</li>

<li><a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">Read–eval–print loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursion</a></li>

<li><a href="S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting</a> <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree data structure">Tree data structures</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS)</li>

<li><a href="CommonLoops" title="CommonLoops">CommonLoops</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standardized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Bear Common Lisp">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a> (ABCL)</li>

<li><a href="CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a></li>

<li><a href="CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a> (CMUCL)</li>

<li><a href="Corman_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Corman Common Lisp">Corman Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> (ECL)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Common_Lisp" title="GNU Common Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a> (GCL)</li>

<li><a href="LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a></li>

<li>Movitz</li>

<li><a href="Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a> (SBCL)</li>

<li><a href="Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Symbolics Common Lisp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language" title="History of the Scheme programming language">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigloo" title="Bigloo">Bigloo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambit_(scheme_implementation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit (scheme implementation)">Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp" title="Game Oriented Assembly Lisp">Game Oriented Assembly Lisp</a> (GOAL)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Ikarus (Scheme implementation)">Ikarus</a></li>

<li><a href="JScheme" title="JScheme">JScheme</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">MIT/GNU Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="MultiLisp" title="MultiLisp">MultiLisp</a></li>

<li>Pocket Scheme</li>

<li> (<a href="Racket_features" title="Racket features">features</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a></li>

<li><a href="TinyScheme" title="TinyScheme">TinyScheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unstandardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="UCBLogo" title="UCBLogo">UCBLogo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> (POP-1)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<li><a href="AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> (<a href="Apple_Dylan" title="Apple Dylan">Apple</a>, <a href="History_of_the_Dylan_programming_language" title="History of the Dylan programming language">history</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>, <a href="PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="LeLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="LeLisp">LeLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Lispkit_Lisp" title="Lispkit Lisp">Lispkit Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li>

<li><a href="MLisp" title="MLisp">MLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Picolisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Picolisp">Picolisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_Standard_Lisp" title="Portable Standard Lisp">Portable Standard Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadence_SKILL" title="Cadence SKILL">SKILL</a></li>

<li><a href="Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Zetalisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetalisp">Zetalisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a>, <a href="McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a></li>

<li><a href="Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Genera</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community of practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scheme_Requests_for_Implementation" title="Scheme Requests for Implementation">Scheme Requests for Implementation</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Lisp_HyperSpec" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Lisp_the_Language" title="Common Lisp the Language">Common Lisp the Language</a></li>

<li><a href="How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a> (HTDP)</li>

<li><a href="Practical_Common_Lisp" title="Practical Common Lisp">Practical Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> (SICP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curriculum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlequin_(software_company)" title="Harlequin (software company)">Harlequin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a></li>

<li><a href="Xanalys" title="Xanalys">Xanalys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li>

<li><a href="MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL)</li>

<li><a href="Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edmund_Berkeley" title="Edmund Berkeley">Edmund Berkeley</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Clinger_(computer_scientist)" title="William Clinger (computer scientist)">William Clinger</a></li>

<li><a href="R._Kent_Dybvig" title="R. Kent Dybvig">R. Kent Dybvig</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robert Bruce Findler</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a></li>

<li>Timothy P. Hart</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Hodes" title="Louis Hodes">Louis Hodes</a></li>

<li>Mike Levin</li>

<li><a href="David_Luckham" title="David Luckham">David Luckham</a></li>

<li><a href="John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Park_(computer_scientist)" title="David Park (computer scientist)">David Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> (<a href="Greenspun's_tenth_rule" title="Greenspun's tenth rule">10th rule</a>)</li>

<li><a href="David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li>

<li><a href="Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li>

<li><a href="Julie_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Sussman">Julie Sussman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Denison_Bollay" title="Denison Bollay">Denison Bollay</a></li>

<li><a href="Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a></li>

<li><a href="Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <a href="List_of_Lisp-family_programming_languages" title="List of Lisp-family programming languages">List</a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Lisp_programming_language" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Subject:Lisp programming language">Books</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Lisp (programming language)">Commons</a> Category Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style><div class="navbar-header">Timeline of Lisp dialects</div>

</caption>

<th width="7%">1958

</th>

<th width="7%">1960

</th>

<th width="7%">1965

</th>

<th width="7%">1970

</th>

<th width="7%">1975

</th>

<th width="7%">1980

</th>

<th width="7%">1985

</th>

<th width="7%">1990

</th>

<th width="7%">1995

</th>

<th width="7%">2000

</th>

<th width="7%">2005

</th>

<th width="7%">2010

</th>

<th width="8%">2015

</th>

<th width="8%">2020

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th align="left" colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"> LISP 1, 1.5, <a href="LISP_2" title="LISP 2">LISP 2(abandoned)</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> R5RS

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="1" style="background:lightgray"> R6RS

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"> R7RS small

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Z-machine#ZIL_(Zork_Implementation_Language)" title="Z-machine">ZIL (Zork Implementation Language)</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"> muLisp

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"> ANSI standard

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="11" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="MIT_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Scheme">MIT Scheme</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="XLISP" title="XLISP">XLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="PicoLisp" title="PicoLisp">PicoLisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Gambit_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Gambit (Scheme implementation)">Gambit</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="PLT_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="PLT Scheme">PLT Scheme</a>

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">Visual LISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

</tbody></table>

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